I-sodium hydroxide
I-sodium hydroxide, ifomula yayo yamakhemikhali i-NaOH, ngokuvamile eyaziwa ngokuthi i-caustic soda, i-caustic soda ne-caustic soda. Lapho incibilika, ikhipha iphunga le-ammonia. Kuyi-caustic enamandlai-alkali, ngokuvamile eba yi-flake noma i-granular. Incibilika kalula emanzini (uma incibilika emanzini, ikhipha ukushisa) bese yenza isixazululo se-alkaline. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-deliquescent futhi imunca kalula umhwamuko wamanzi (deliquescence) kanye ne-carbon dioxide (ukonakala) emoyeni. I-NaOH ingelinye lamakhemikhali adingekayo kumalabhorethri amakhemikhali, futhi ingelinye lamakhemikhali avamile. Umkhiqizo ohlanzekile awunambala futhi uyikristalu esobala. Ukuminyana 2.130 g/cm. Iphoyinti lokuncibilika 318.4℃. Indawo yokubilisa ingu-1390 ℃. Imikhiqizo yezimboni iqukethe inani elincane le-sodium chloride ne-sodium carbonate, okungamakristalu amhlophe nakhanyayo. Kukhona blocky, flaky, granular futhi okumise okwenduku. Thayipha ubuningi 40.01
I-sodium hydroxideingasetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yokuhlanza i-alkaline ekwelapheni kwamanzi, echithwa ku-ethanol ne-glycerol; Ayincibiliki ku-propanol ne-ether. Iphinde idle ikhabhoni nesodium ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu. Ukusabela okungafani ne-halogen njenge-chlorine, i-bromine ne-iodine. Ingathathi hlangothi nge-acids ukwakha usawoti namanzi.
Izici ezingokomzimba zokugoqa
I-sodium hydroxide iyi-crystal translucent solid solid. Isixazululo saso esinamanzi sinokunambitha okune-astringent nomuzwa osuthayo.
I-deliquescence egoqayo Iwubukhazikhazi emoyeni.
Ukumuncwa kwamanzi okugoqa
I-alkali eqinile ine-hygroscopic kakhulu. Uma uvezwa emoyeni, lumunca ama-molecule amanzi emoyeni, futhi ekugcineni luncibilike ngokuphelele lube yisixazululo, kodwa i-sodium hydroxide ewuketshezi ayinayo i-hygroscopicity.
Ukunyibilika okugoqayo
Ukugoqa i-alkalinity
I-sodium hydroxide izohlukana ngokuphelele ibe yi-sodium ion nama-ion hydroxide lapho incibilika emanzini, ngakho inokujwayelekile kwe-alkali.
Ingenza i-acid-base neutralization reaction nganoma iyiphi i-protonic acid (ephinde ibe yokusabela kokubola kabili):
I-NaOH + HCl = NaCl + H₂O
2NaOH + H₂SO₄=Na₂SO₄+2H₂O
NaOH + HNO₃=NaNO₃+H₂O
Ngokufanayo, isisombululo saso singabhekana nokusabela kokubola kabili ngesisombululo sikasawoti:
NaOH + NH₄Cl = NaCl +NH₃·H₂O
2NaOH + CuSO₄= Cu(OH)₂↓+ Na₂SO₄
2NaOH+MgCl₂= 2NaCl+Mg(OH)₂↓
Ukusabela kokugoqa kwe-saponification
Ekuphenduleni okuningi kwezinto eziphilayo, i-sodium hydroxide nayo idlala indima efanayo njenge-catalyst, phakathi kwayo emele kakhulu i-saponification:
RCOOR' + NaOH = RCOONA + R'OH
Goqa okunye
Isizathu esenza i-sodium hydroxide iwohloke kalula ibe yi-sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) emoyeni ingoba umoya uqukethe isikhutha (co):
2NaOH + CO₂ = Na₂CO₃ + H₂O
Uma i-carbon dioxide eyeqile yethulwa ngokuqhubekayo, i-sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃), eyaziwa ngokuthi i-baking soda, izokhiqizwa, futhi i-equation yokusabela imi kanje:
Na₂CO₃ + CO₂ + H₂O = 2NaHCO₃
Ngokufanayo, i-sodium hydroxide ingasabela nge-acidic oxides njenge-silicon dioxide (SiO₂) ne-sulphur dioxide (SO):
2NaOH + SiO₂ = Na₂SiO₃ + H₂O
2 NaOH+SO (trace) = Na₂SO₃+H₂O
I-NaOH+SO₂ (ngokweqile) = I-NaHSO₃ (i-NASO ekhiqiziwe namanzi asabela nge-SO ngokweqile ukuze kukhiqizwe i-nahSO)
